The principles of the Bauhaus and the Art Deco style of architecture Essay

The principles of the Bauhaus and the Art Deco style of architecture - Essay Example In 1925, the world's most renowned and influential artists and architects met in Paris, at the International Exhibit of Decorative Arts and Modern Industries. The architects gathered to share ideas on the evolution of art design. The architects contributed in the architect’s modern interpretations of established designs. From this exhibition, a new style of art came up. The architect named the new art as Style Modern. The name later changed to Art Deco Style. The style used the simple bold design on material such as glass and plastic. Art deco being ornamental and beautifying used bright colors. Art deco style symbolized wealth, glamor, and complexity. Art Deco consisted of three main types: zigzag, classic modern and streamline modern. The style involved areas of design like architecture and interior design. It also enveloped visual arts graphic arts jewelry and film. The style drew influence from Egypt and Aztec forms of architecture. The structures of art deco style are based on mathematical geometrical shapes. The styles use machine age and streamline technologies such as electric lighting. Style modern is characterized by the use of materials such as aluminum, stainless steel, and inlaid wood. The characteristics of deco style will include; clean lines, distinct geometric shapes, decorative features and designs with wide-ranging influences. It combines linear symmetry, staggered or tiered pyramid shapes and use of unusual deco is a versatile style and is easily integrated into a wide variety of personal styles. The Bauhaus Gropius House in Lincoln, Massachusetts (picture dictionary of modern architecture, image 4) is an example of Bauhaus style. It is a national historic landmark in New England. Gropius Walter designed and built the house in 1938 as his family home. Gropius being the founder of Bauhaus style incorporated the philosophy of the style. The modest home is significantly white in color. It has smooth facades that express simplicity. The building is cubic in shape and the blocks are made of glass. The stare case leading upstairs is spiral and visible from outside. The house is made of simple economical steel pillars and the building has a pergola roof. The landscape surrounding the house is simple and blends in well with its environment. The use of minimal color scheme is employed in the interior. The house has furniture designed by Marcel Breuer and fabricated in the Bauhaus workshops (Panayiotis 24). The 77 storey skyscraper Chrysler Building in New York presents an Art Deco bu ilding. It was completed in 1930 and designed by architect William Van Allen. The building displays a sense of complex and elegance. The materials used in the construction such as metal and stainless steel were expensive. The Chrysler building displays distinctive ornamentation. It is tall and vertical. The floor is marble and brightly colored. The interior has stylish patterns and the lighting is superb and can use a variety of colors depending on occasion (Panayiotis 33). The two styles of architecture contrast each other. The Bauhaus style is simple. It signifies the use of locally available material. It is friendly economically. Art deco is modern, uses sophisticated styles and is expensive. It is a show of glamour and prosperity (Panayiotis 37). In conclusion, both styles are adopted because of the various features that they represent. The features are very attractive to all those that may be interested in one form of architecture or the next.

Holocaust and the effects on the prisoners Research Paper

Holocaust and the effects on the prisoners - Research Paper Example In concentration and labor camps, innocent people suffered with physical pressures, such as intense hunger, crowded quarters, disease, exposure to severe punishment and bodily torture, and heavy labor. Prisoners were often humiliated by soldiers to the point of dehumanization. Their heads were shaved, they were forced to wear prisoner uniforms, and their identities were replaced by a number on their arm. Those individuals in hiding, faced constant concerns of being caught. Mental pressures experienced by all victims during this horrific period included painful separation from family and friends, a lack of knowledge as to what fate would bear upon loved ones, and uncertainty about one's own existence. With their own eyes, they witnessed the destruction of families and communities. The values and social norms by which these individuals had led their lives were completely destroyed. For most survivors, the events of the Holocaust were ongoing, uncontrollable, and unexpected. Many were proximally close to the traumatic events, witnessing terror and horror brought upon them by other human beings. The experiences involved separation from family and friends and long lasting consequences which in many cases could not be reversed. It is a prevalent concept that all Holocaust survivors suffer from enduring psychological and physical distress as a result of their earlier trauma experiences. In this paper I will assert that all Holocaust survivors cannot be considered a homogenous group with the same patterns of symptoms and characteristics. They not only managed to resume their lives after the war but actually had rich and varied lives, were vital contributors to their communities, and maintained stable family and work patterns. Holocaust and the effects on the prisoners For a long time, discussion of the Holocaust was considered a taboo subject. Survivors spoke little about it and others did not seem to want to hear. A deep curtain of silence hung over one of the most horrendous events in human history. A number of reasons contributed to this circumstance. For years following the war, survivors were busy reestablishing their lives and homes and tried hard not to remember the past. It was not until the 1960s that interest in the Holocaust became more fully developed. It was at that time that the mental health community first became involved in dealing systematically with the after-effects of Holocaust traumatization. This was partially due to the political-moral decision of the Federal Republic of Germany to provide indemnification to individual victims of the Nazi regime for the hardships that they had suffered. In order to claim restitution, it was necessary to prove the existence of a causal link between Nazi persecution and health status, including mental health status. It became evident at that time to many of the medical professionals workin g with the survivors, that a host of symptoms, seemingly without organic cause, existed among their clients. These symptoms experienced were often linked to atrocities committed against the survivors. It became essential to conceptualize clinically the symptoms and conditions that appeared quite regularly in a great number of the survivors. The Concentration Camp Syndrome/ Survivor Syndrome, as discussed by Krystal (1968), and many others became known nosologically as a relatively fixed, lifelong condition characterized by a broad range of symptoms that could be traced to the Holocaust experience. Holocaust Survivors The Concentration Camp Syndrome Symptoms of the Concentration Camp Syndrome included (1) lasting depression with features of vigilant insomnia,